Other branches of medicine

General Surgery

In the past, surgery was performed by opening the abdomen. In recent years, many procedures are performed exclusively via laparoscopy, which is very advanced in institutions in the Czech Republic. For example gall bladder removal or surgical repair of groin, umbilical or other abdominal hernias are common laparoscopic procedures performed safely and with quick recovery. Some centres specialize in vascular surgery, where they repair aneurysms of large abdominal blood vessels, or blood vessel grafts in order to remove blood flow obstructions. Laparoscopic surgery is also used for removal of kidney tumours (in cooperation with a urologist), or tumours of the large intestine, ovary tumours (in cooperation with a gynaecologist), removal of the stomach (gastrectomy), and other surgery as required.
 

Sleep Disorders

The Czech Republic has a long tradition of development of sleep laboratories. Using the latest technology, such as the online “BrainLabSchwarzer” system, the “POLYMESAM” device or the “CPAP” automatic device, these centres provide comprehensive differential diagnostics and treatment of disorders such as nightmares, epileptic seizures, dyspnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, and other sleep and breathing disorders. These centres work closely with neurological and surgical specializations such as otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery offering appropriate surgical treatment of sleep disorders that can be eliminated or treated in this manner.
 

Gynaecology

Gynaecology has developed into a field that aside from routine gynaecology also offers highly specializes services. These include gynaecological endocrine centres providing treatment of hormonal gynaecological disorders, urogynaecological centres dealing with urinary tract disorders with associated gynaecological disorders, oncological gynaecology centres for treatment of benign and malignant tumours, and last but not least, myoma treatment centres, where Czech gynaecologists were the first in the world to develop a method for removing these benign tumours while preserving fertility and full function of the womb.
 

Urology

Many new procedures have been developed in this field to treat urinary tract disorders, especially for the removal of stones in the urinary tract, including in the renal pelvis, where mini-invasive and trans-urethral approaches and modern technologies are used, including shape memory metals, etc. This is another field where in specialized oncological centres mini-invasive procedures have been developed for the removal of malignant tumours, including robotic surgery, in order to achieve the best possible results.
 

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

This is a relatively new field that deals with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the entire digestive tract and associated organs, including liver and pancreatic disorders. This is another field that has undergone extensive specialization, and today offers treatment in specific centres for the diagnosis and treatment of liver and hepatobiliary system disorders (include focal liver disorders), neuroendocrine tumours, pancreatic disorders, oesophageal varices, or inflammatory bowel disease.
 

Diabetology Focusing on Treatment of Diabetic Complications

Diabetes treatment in the Czech Republic is very advanced and offers the latest methods. Diabetes centres, which often cooperate with endocrinology centres, have teams of associated specialists that treat complications frequently accompanying diabetes such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, vascular disorders, or diabetic cardiovascular disorders. Methods used to treat diabetic ulcers of the lower extremities, which often lead to minor or major amputations on the affected extremity, include ozone therapy and stem cell therapy, which often prevent amputation. Timely and expert treatment of diabetic retinopathy can, and in most cases does prevent loss of sight.
 

Endocrinology

In the past, this field concerned itself mainly with disorders of the thyroid gland. Today, specialists primarily deal with metabolic disorders and illnesses of all hormonal systems in adults and children. For example, a growth hormone disorder can lead to a condition called acromegaly, but proper treatment can stop or even prevent this disorder. These specialized endocrinology centres treat disorders of glands and organs responsible for biosynthesis and biochemical and physiological function of all important hormones.
 

Otolaryngology (ORL)

This term is often used to describe management of common illnesses of the middle or inner ear, which is treated in every small hospital or clinic. The Czech Republic has highly specialized otolaryngology centres for the treatment of hearing disorders (congenital or acquired, using implants), balance disorders, acoustic and other benign or malignant tumours, and correction of voice disorders or of nose and upper respiratory tract obstructions. When removing a cranial tumour impinging upon the face, these centres often work with maxillofacial surgeons.
  

Maxillofacial Surgery

In Prague, there is a maxillofacial surgery centre specializing in surgical correction of congenital and post-traumatic facial and jaw deformations, offering orthognathic surgery of the jaw combined with pre-operative or post-operative orthodontic treatment, which can take place in the client’s home country under online supervision by the centre’s specialists. Here, in cooperation with plastic reconstruction surgeons, they also correct defects following resection of the jaw or other facial structures during the elimination of benign, but mainly malignant tumours.
  

General and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery

Today, cosmetic and aesthetic plastic surgery is commonplace in all developed countries. The Czech Republic holds primacy in this field, as it was co-founded by Professor Burian and Sir Gillies of Great Britain. In this field, surgery is used to correct congenital defects of the upper and lower extremities (for example syndactyly), cleft lips and palates, post-cleft deformations, etc. It also focuses on post-traumatic reconstruction of all parts of the body, or on reconstruction of defects following oncological surgery, including breast reconstruction using the body’s own fat stem cells, correction of burn scars, and of extremity contractions. Further specializations include hand surgery, including artificial prostheses/replacements of deformed finger and hand joints. In these specialized centres, the use of microsurgery in the reconstruction of any congenital or acquired defects is of course commonplace.